With these considerations, obstetrician–gynecologists and other obstetric health care professionals should actively work to address inequities inherent in many existing systems. Obstetrician–gynecologists and other obstetric health care professionals should be aware of procedural, social, and legal consequences of positive screens in their institutions’ local policies and jurisdictions, including involvement of child protective services and criminalization. Obstetrician–gynecologists and other obstetric health care professionals should educate patients that there are no medical indications for cannabis use during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Among young adults aged 19–22 years, cannabis usage is reported to be as high as 43% 5. NHS England has worked with other national organisations to implement the recommendations and ensure that where it is clinically appropriate, clinicians feel supported to prescribe a cannabis-based medicinal products on the NHS. Every time you choose responsible consumption, you’re not just taking care of yourself — you’re helping build a more accepting world for all cannabis enthusiasts.
For some interviewees, harm reduction methods included the user’s set in the form of self-control. Other studies found that while cannabis use was not considered a high priority offense, a fear of potential arrest remained (Hathaway et al., 2011; Johnson et al., 2008). Additional data monitoring and evaluation https://isablog.co.uk/2025/09/04/modern-approaches-to-stress-relief-with-natural-methods/ approaches may also be warranted to inform public health and prevention work, including specific surveys of cannabis users and qualitative studies or evaluations seeking to better understand certain trends. Failing to allocate resources and systemize an expungement process places an unfair burden on people who do not have the resources and time to navigate this complex process but who would benefit the most from expungement. Black, Native American, and mixed-race adults are more likely than Whites to report a cannabis use disorder (abuse or dependence).
We use pseudonyms for study participants to protect confidentiality and anonymity. In fact, the majority reported that they could exercise self-control while experiencing minimal negative outcomes. Despite media portrayals and government warnings about the deleterious effects cannabis can have on normal functioning, participants found the benefits far outweighed the risks. So I smoke maybe two or three times….each time I do about four or five hits.
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We aimed for a deeper understanding of Baby Boomers’ cannabis use patterns, attitudes and perceptions, health and social consequences, and the impact of context on all of the above. However, fear of formal punishment was considered a less direct threat to users than the prospect of disclosure, status loss, or social stigma (Johnson et al., 2008). The social context of cannabis use includes broader (macro) social and political contexts in which individuals use cannabis. The physical setting comprises places, people, and things present during use. Setting refers to the physical and social context in which cannabis use takes place, and how these change over time.
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CBPM do not include raw/unrefined cannabis or cannabis/hemp oil products that can be purchased online/in health food shops. This is essential to ensure that where there is a clinical need, a patient will be able to access appropriate CBPMs to meet the requirements of any prescription. The definition is broad to account for the range of preparations which are cannabis-based that have been used for therapeutic purposes and to ensure that raw products/ingredients and intermediate products are captured. Rescheduling of these products makes it easier for clinical trials to take place to support furthering our understanding, as the evidence base develops following more research being carried out and as products become licensed, this position will be reviewed.
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It can take a while for the effects to manifest, particularly in the case of edibles. According to estimates from researchers in 2021, approximately 5.8% of individuals aged 12 and older in the United States, equating to around 16.3 million people, experienced a cannabis use disorder within the previous 12 months. Although cannabis is typically viewed as safe for the majority, certain individuals may experience negative reactions, especially when using high doses or consuming it frequently.
Some cities and counties have specific rules for home grows, such as permit requirements or requiring grows to be indoors. You can grow up to 6 cannabis plants at home if you’re at least 21 years old. This information should not be considered as inclusive of all proper treatments or methods of care or as a statement of the standard of care. A reaffirmation date is included in the online version of a document to indicate when it was last reviewed. Any potential conflicts have been considered and managed in accordance with ACOG’s Conflict of Interest Disclosure Policy.
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We want to thank all of the study participants for their time and candor without whom this research project would not be possible. Many were not confident of their understanding of specific restrictions and consequences due to the variations in state, county, and city laws. However, “legal risks” were the most frequently reported even though less than a fifth of participants had actually been arrested for cannabis-related charges.
Studies have demonstrated varying education, understanding, and patient communication practices of obstetric health care professionals regarding the potential harms of cannabis use in pregnancy 83 84. Obstetrician–gynecologists and other obstetric health care professionals may utilize supportive home visits, psychobehavioral strategies, or brief electronic or text messaging interventions to reduce cannabis use in pregnancy and the postpartum period to promote parental and newborn health. Obstetrician–gynecologists and other obstetric health care professionals may use motivational interviewing, address social determinants of health, and assess barriers to cannabis cessation to guide cessation-intervention strategies. Obstetrician–gynecologists and other obstetric health care professionals should be knowledgeable and educate all individuals presenting for prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum care on specific perinatal and newborn risks of cannabis use in pregnancy and lactation. Obstetrician–gynecologists and other obstetric health care professionals should be aware of the possibility of pregnant and lactating patients’ use of cannabis and be prepared to counsel and screen all patients and use evidence-based strategies to reduce cannabis use.
Study participants learned which cannabis derivative and route of administration were likely to produce the intended effects while posing the least dangerous health risks. We present direct quotes from select participants who were chosen because their statements were emblematic of the sample’s beliefs and experiences. Three (3%) study participants were also Latino (one white, two mixed ethnicity). Seventy-one interviewees (73%) were white, 18 (19%) African American, four (4%) of mixed ethnicity, two (2%) Asian, one (1%) Pacific Islander, and one (1%) Native American.
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